2025-06-15 17:59 <br/> Tags: #organization #AmericanJewry #Harvard #EarlyZionism # Parushim - Founded by [[Horace M. Kallen]] in 1913 after his move from Harvard to the University of Wisconsin. - The Parushim was made up of elite Jewish alumni of Harvard. - They worked in secret in high positions within business/trade/media/government. - The members worked to advance the Zionist cause through their collective networks of influence. - [[Louis Brandeis]] was a key member, using his influence on the Supreme Court and with Woodrow Wilson. - Parushim's influence was critical to the creation of the [[Balfour Declaration]] #### References - Weir, Alison. _Against Our Better Judgment: The Hidden History of How the U.S. Was Used to Create Israel_. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014. - Sarah Schmidt, “The ‘Parushim’: A Secret Episode in American Zionist History,” _American Jewish Historical Quarterly_ 65, no. 2 (December 1975): 122–39, accessed via JSTOR, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23880453](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23880453). - Sarna, Jonathan D. _“A Projection of America as It Ought to Be: Zion in the Mind’s Eye of American Jews.”_ In _Envisioning Israel: The Changing Ideals and Images of North American Jews_, edited by Allon Gal, 41–59. Jerusalem: Magnes Press; Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.