2026-04-19 11:04:PM <br/> Tags: #AmericanJewry #organization #KeyOrganizations #ReligiousJudaism #Lobby #LeftwingJewry ![[image-276.png|304x282]] # Union for Reform Judaism (URJ) - The Union For Reform Judaism (URJ), founded in 1873 as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, is the central institution of Reform Judaism in the United States.[^2] - The URJ is made up of over 800 Reform Judaism congregations with a combined total of over 2 million members.[^3] - The URJ is involved in congregational organizing, left wing political and social activity, and pro-Israel advocacy. #### History and General activity - The URJ was founded at an 1873 Cincinnati conference led by rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise and Moritz Loth as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC).[^5] - Wise formed the UAHC to organize dozens congregations under one institutional umbrella. - Wise is considered the founder of Reform Judaism in the United States. - Isaac Mayer Wise was the father of [[Jonah Wise]]. - Following the formation of the UAHC (later URJ) in 1873, rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise founded the Hebrew Union College in 1875 as the Reform movement's seminary, and the [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] in 1889 as the professional arm for American Reform rabbis.[^2] - The URJ, Hebrew Union College, and the Central Conference for American Rabbis remain the institutional foundation of American Reform Judaism to this day. - In 1926, the URJ was the primary founding member of the [[World Union for Progressive Judaism]].[^2] - In 1998, the URJ relocated its offices to 633 Third Avenue in Manhattan. - 633 Third Avenue is also home to the [[Jewish Agency|Jewish Agency for Israel-US]], the[[Zionist Organization of America (ZOA)]], the [[The Lawfare Project]], and the [[Conference of Presidents]].[^1] - In 2003, the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC) changed its name to the Union for Reform Judaism (URJ).[^6] - The URJ is a member of the [[Conference of Presidents]], the umbrella for the largest pro-Israel organizations in the United States.[^24] - While rabbi [[Alexander Schindler]] was URJ president from 1973-1996, he also served a two year term as president of the Conference of Presidents from 1976-1978.[^25] - On January 27, 2025, the URJ's Twitter (X) page [announced](https://x.com/URJorg/status/1883993259283726416) the organization was leaving Twitter in favor of its left wing alternative, Bluesky. - The URJ's website is created on [[Wix]], the Israeli software company. *Obviously this doesn't imply anything given Wix is a widely used service, it's just an appropriate opportunity to link to a relevant project page.* #### Religious Action Center - In 1961, the URJ founded the [[Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism (RAC)]] as the political and social arm of Reform Judaism. - The RAC was founded under the leadership of URJ president [[Maurice Eisendrath]], himself an influential civil rights and social justice leader. - The RAC was founded after a large donation from [[Kivie Kaplan]], the Jewish board member and later president (1966-1975) of the [[NAACP]], at the URJ's 45th general assembly in 1959.[^32] - The URJ through the RAC was highly influential in the Civil Rights Movement and its related legislation of the 1950s and 60s. - The URJ states: "The Union of American Hebrew Congregations [now the URJ] and the [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] played an integral role in drafting and passing the Voting Rights Act of 1965."[^35] - To this extent, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, among other left wing pieces of legislation, were drafted in the conference room of the RAC's Washington office.[^37] - In 1997, the URJ adopted a resolution in opposition to the "English-Only Movement" which backed the English language as the official language of the United States.[^35] - The URJ wrote "We must speak out to protect the rights of all language-minority citizens and legal immigrants in the United States." - The URJ cites Jewish Biblical history in Egypt to support immigrants not altering their "way of life, their convictions, their names, their heritage, their faith, or their language." - The URJ continues "The English-Only legislation currently before Congress would declare English as the official language of the government of the United States, and its interpretation could lead to discrimination against foreign-born citizens and legal residents by denying language-minority citizens equal access to the rights of all citizens." - In 2022, the URJ via the [[Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism (RAC)]] and [[Keshet]] led 100+ Jewish organizations in a letter to the Senate in support of the Respect for Marriage Act.[^28] - The URJ and Keshet were joined by: [[ADL]], [[Avodah]], [[Aytzim]], [[American Jewish World Service]], [[Bend the Arc]], [[B'nai B'rith]], [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]], [[Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism (RAC)]], [[Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Foundation]], [[Hadassah]], [[J Street]], various [[Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA)|Jewish Federations]], [[JCC Association of North America|JCC Asheville]], [[Jewish Council for Public Affairs (JCPA)]], [[Jewish Council on Urban Affairs]], [[Jewish Labor Committee (JLC)]], [[Jewish Women International]], [[Jews for a Secular Democracy]], [[National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW)]], [[New Israel Fund]], [[Rabbinical Assembly]], [[The Workers Circle]]. - The Respect for Marriage Act codified the principles of: - *Loving v. Virginia* - 1967 - Federally legalized interracial marriage. *The plaintiffs, Mildred and Richard Loving, were represented by two Jewish lawyers from the [[ACLU]].*[^27][^26] - *United States v. Windsor* - 2013 - Corrupted the definition of marriage by ruling section three of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) unconstitutional. *Section three of the DOMA defined marriage as a legal union between one man and one woman.* - *Obergefell v. Hodges* - 2015 - Legalized gay marriage federally, removing state sovereignty regarding marriage policy. - In 2023, the URJ via the [[Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism (RAC)|RAC]] and [[Keshet]] led a coalition of 90+ Jewish organizations lobbying in opposition to an "anti-transgender sports ban."[^29] - The coalition [cited](https://rac.org/press-room/us-jewish-organizations-letter-house-representatives-opposing-anti-transgender-sports#:~:text=Jewish%20tradition%20teaches%20that%20all%20people%20are%20created%20b%27tzelem%20Elohim%2C%20in%20the%20Divine%20image%2C%20and%20are%20worthy%20of%20dignity%20and%20respect.%20Judaism%20also%20specifically%20recognizes%20the%20diversity%20of%20gender%20identity.%20In%20fact%2C%20our%20Jewish%20legal%20texts%20mention%20at%20least%20six%20different%20genders.) "Jewish tradition" and "Jewish legal text" to bolster their support of transgender children. - Co-signatories included: [[A Wider Bridge]], [[Avodah]], [[Bend the Arc]], [[J Street]], [[Jewish Council for Public Affairs (JCPA)]], [[Jewish Women International]], [[Jewish Labor Committee (JLC)]], [[Rabbinical Assembly]], [[Jews for Racial and Economic Justice]], [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]], [[Jews for a Secular Democracy]], [[The Workers Circle]], [[Jews for Racial and Economic Justice]]. #### The URJ and Israel - At the advent of political Zionism in the 1890s, the URJ took a strong [anti-Zionist stance](https://urj.org/who-we-are/history#:~:text=1918%20and%201940.-,1898,-Union%20Biennial%20Adopted). - The URJ's anti-Zionism had mostly disappeared by the 1937 adoption of the Columbus Platform. - The URJ became fully Zionist through their support of the 1942 [[Biltmore Program]].[^30] - The URJ describes "Israel and Jewish peoplehood" as one of its six core values.[^31] - In 1997, the 100th anniversary of the [[World Zionist Organization]]'s first World Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, the [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] formally adopted a resolution embracing Zionist movement and the success of Jewish nationalism.[^2] - The resolution states, "[Israel is] a model society based on Jewish value and morality."[^30] - The resolution goes on: "among the founders of the Zionist organization were American Reform Rabbis, Rabbis [[Judah Magnes]], [[Abba Hillel Silver]] and [[Stephen S. Wise]]." - The resolution goes on: our movement has explicitly rejected the anti-Zionist stances held prior to World War I, specifically endorsing Zionist aims: calling for a Jewish National Home in the 1937 Guiding Principles, joining in the 1942 Baltimore Platform’s call for a Jewish state, and subscribing to the [[Jerusalem Program]]. *The "1942 Baltimore Platform" almost certainly refers to the 1942 [[Biltmore Program]].* - The URJ, although a stanchly pro-Israel and Zionist organization, is considerably softer in its approach to Jewish nationalism and the Israel-Palestine conflict. - The URJ has "long expressed overwhelming support for a Palestinian state alongside the Jewish state of Israel, reached through a negotiated agreement between the two parties. We are on record over many decades opposing the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip that began in 1967. We have also opposed -- and continue to oppose -- expansion of settlements in the West Bank and the oppressive treatment of the Palestinian population."[^33] *This is an uncommon and unpopular position among organized world Jewry, and certainly among Israeli Jewry. It thereby tracks that Reform Judaism has limited influence in Israel, where Orthodox Judaism remains king of the hill. The URJ [explicitly states](https://urj.org/what-we-do/israel-engagement/longstanding-urj-positions-israel-and-israeli-palestinian-conflict#:~:text=and%20end%20the-,Orthodox%20monopoly,-over%20religious%20life) its goal to "end the Orthodox monopoly over religious life" in Israel.* - The URJ functions in Israel through its auxiliary organization the Israeli Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism and its "social justice and advocacy arm" the Israel Religious Action Center.[^33] *This is the same dynamic shared by the URJ and the Religious Action Center in North America.* - To support Israel economically, the URJ encourages its members to buy [[Israel Bonds|State of Israel Bonds]].[^34] - The URJ supports sending U.S. military aid to Israel for both "offensive and defensive measures."[^36] #### Funding and Donors - The URJ is organized as a church/religious organization, making it exempt from typical nonprofit annual financial disclosure. - However, the URJ does publish its own annual financial reports which are the sole source for this section. - URJ's website contains annual reports with donors lists for 2017-2024. *Some URJ donors remain anonymous so this list cannot be exhaustive.* - URJ donors from 2017-2024 include:[^16][^17][^18][^19][^20][^21][^22][^23] - *Note: Exact donation totals are not available, URJ categorizes donors by amount with the top group being "$1 million and more." Other than lifetime $1 million+, most donations are annual, meaning a donor listed as $100,000+ usually gives that amount every year.* | Donor | Largest donation | Extra info | | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | [[Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Foundation]] | Lifetime $1 million+ | | | Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston | Lifetime $1 million+ | Name for Boston's [[Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA)\|Jewish Federation]] | | [[Crown Family Philanthropies]] and the | Lifetime $1 million+ | | | [[Harold Grinspoon Foundation]] | Lifetime $1 million+ | | | [[Jacob Blaustein]]'s foundation | Lifetime $1 million+ | | | JB Pritzker's foundation | Lifetime $1 million+ | JB Pritzker is the governor of Illinois | | [[Bernard Marcus]] and the [[Marcus Foundation]] | Lifetime $1 million+ | | | [[koret Foundation]] | Lifetime $1 million+ | | | [[Nathan Cummings Foundation]] | Lifetime $1 million+ | | | [[RootOne]] | Lifetime $1 million+ | | | [[Jewish Communal Fund]] | $1,837,919 | From 2017-2024 | | [[Azrieli Foundation]] | $100,000+ | | | [[Harry Weinberg]]'s foundation | $100,000+ | | | [[UJA-Federation of New York]] | $100,000+ | | | [[AIPAC]] | $10,000+ | | | The Edith and [[Herbert Lehman\|Herbert]] Lehman Foundation | $10,000+ | | | [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] | $5,000+ | | | [[Hillel International]] | $5,000+ | | | [[National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW)]] Greater Miami section | $1000+ | | | [[Jay Ruderman]]'s foundation | $100,000+ | | | [[Arthur Blank]]'s foundation | $25,000+ | | | [[Jim Joseph Foundation]] | $25,000+ | | | [[Jewish Social Justice Roundtable]] | $5,000+ | The URJ is a member of the JSJR | | [[J Street]] | $2,500+ | | | [[StandWithUs (SWU)]] | $2,500+ | | | [[Brandeis University]] | $2,500 | | | [[Michael Bloomberg]] | $100,000+ | | | [[Daniel Och]] | $25,000+ | | | [[Genesis Prize]] | $50,000+ | | | [[Jonathon Jacobson]]'s One8 Foundation | $50,000+ | | | [[Mark Zuckerberg]] | $50,000+ | | | Joseph and [[Harvey Meyerhoff]] Family Charitable Funds | $25,000+ | | | [[ADL]] | $100,000+ | | | Judy Glickman | $5,000+ | Judy is the wife of Leonard Lauder, who is the brother of [[Ronald Lauder]] | | State of Israel [[Ministry of Diaspora Affairs]] | $100,000+ | | | Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael | $50,000+ | Hebrew name for the [[Jewish National Fund]], an Israeli national institution | #### Notable Figures - Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise - Founder - Rabbi [[Maurice Eisendrath]] - URJ president from 1943-1973[^2] - Rabbi [[Alexander Schindler]] - URJ president from 1973-1996[^2] - Rabbi Eric Yoffie - URJ president from 1996-2011[^2] - Rabbi Rick Jacobs - URJ president from 2012-present[^4] - Shelley Niceley Groff - Chair of the North American board - Groff is a previous officer of the [[Jewish Council for Public Affairs (JCPA)]] and board member of the Miami [[Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA)|Jewish Federation]].[^7] - Ruben Arquilevich - Vice President, URJ Camps, NFTY, and Immersives - Arquilevich a [[Wexner Foundation]] fellow.[^8] - Seth Cohen - Vice President, Business Strategy & Management - According to his URJ bio, Cohen has worked and/or been a participant at [[B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO)]], Camp Ramah, and [[Young Judaea]].[^10] - Camp Ramah is a network of Jewish summer camps founded by the [[Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS)]] in the 1940s.[^9] - Yonatan Meir - Chief Information Officer - Meir is a veteran of Israel's elite cyberwarfare and intelligence unite, [[Unit 8200]].[^11] - Meir is [described](https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/yonatan-meir#:~:text=a%20professional%20working-,experience,-with%20US%20based) as having experience with "US based philanthropic foundations, nonprofits’ board members, the Government of Israel, and data analysis start-ups."[^12] - Rabbi Jonah Dov Pesner - Director of the [[Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism (RAC)]] - Pesner is a member of the leadership team of the [[Jewish Social Justice Roundtable]], a board member at the [[NAACP]], and a scholar at the [[Wexner Foundation]] and the [[American Jewish World Service]].[^13] - Riva Silverman - Vice President of External Relations - Silverman "has held senior leadership positions at the [[New Israel Fund]], [[American Jewish World Service]] and, most recently, [[Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS)|HIAS]]."[^14] - Rabbi Josh Weinberg - Vice President, Israel and Reform Zionism and Executive Director, ARZA[^15] - Weinberg is an American-born Jew who made aliyah (immigration to Israel) in 2003. - Weinberg is a reserve officer in the IDF spokesperson's unit. - According to his [URJ bio](https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/rabbi-josh-weinberg), "Josh is passionate about anything connected to Israel and hopes to strengthen the connection between the Reform movement and the Jewish State." *Given Weinberg "is currently living in New York" it's safe to call him an obvious foreign agent.* #### References [^1]: “UAHC Relocated from 838 Fifth Avenue to Midtown Manhattan,” _Union for Reform Judaism_, https://urj.org/who-we-are/history#1950:~:text=Manheimer%20(b.%201948).-,1998,-UAHC%20Relocated%20from. [^2]: Union for Reform Judaism, “History of the Reform Movement,” [https://urj.org/who-we-are/history](https://urj.org/who-we-are/history). [^3]: Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, “About the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism,” [https://rac.org/about-religious-action-center-reform-judaism#:~:text=(URJ)%2C%20whose-,825%20congregations,-across%20North%20America](https://rac.org/about-religious-action-center-reform-judaism#:~:text=(URJ)%2C%20whose-,825%20congregations,-across%20North%20America). [^4]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Leadership & Governance,” [https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance](https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance). [^5]: Joseph Jacobs and Leo Wise, “Union of American Hebrew Congregations” Jewish Encyclopedia, [https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14585-union-of-american-hebrew-congregations-the](https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14585-union-of-american-hebrew-congregations-the). [^6]: Encyclopedia Britannica, “Union for Reform Judaism,” [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Union-for-Reform-Judaism](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Union-for-Reform-Judaism). [^7]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Shelley Niceley Groff,” [https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/shelley-niceley-groff-0](https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/shelley-niceley-groff-0). [^8]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Ruben Arquilevich,” [https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/ruben-arquilevich](https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/ruben-arquilevich). [^9]: “Camp Ramah,” Wikipedia, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Ramah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Ramah). [^10]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Seth Cohen,” [https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/seth-cohen](https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/seth-cohen). [^11]: Hadar Institute, “Yonatan Meir,” [https://www2.hadar.org/about/people/yonatan-meir](https://www2.hadar.org/about/people/yonatan-meir). [^12]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Yonatan Meir,” [https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/yonatan-meir](https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/yonatan-meir). [^13]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Rabbi Jonah Dov Pesner,” [https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/rabbi-jonah-dov-pesner](https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/rabbi-jonah-dov-pesner). [^14]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Riva Silverman,” https://urj.org/who-weare/leadership-governance/riva-silverman. [^15]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Rabbi Josh Weinberg,” [https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/rabbi-josh-weinberg](https://urj.org/who-we-are/leadership-governance/rabbi-josh-weinberg). [^16]: Union for Reform Judaism, “2017 Donor Listing,” _URJ 2017 Annual Report_, [https://urjweb.wixsite.com/urj2017/2017-donor-listing](https://urjweb.wixsite.com/urj2017/2017-donor-listing). [^17]: Union for Reform Judaism, “2018 Donor Listing,” _URJ 2018 Annual Report_, [https://urjweb.wixsite.com/urj2018/2018-donor-listing](https://urjweb.wixsite.com/urj2018/2018-donor-listing). [^18]: Union for Reform Judaism, “URJ Donors,” _2019 URJ Annual Report_, [https://urjweb.wixsite.com/urj2019/urj-donors](https://urjweb.wixsite.com/urj2019/urj-donors). [^19]: Union for Reform Judaism, “URJ Donors,” _2020 Annual Report_, [https://urjweb.wixsite.com/annual-report-2020/urj-donors](https://urjweb.wixsite.com/annual-report-2020/urj-donors). [^20]: Union for Reform Judaism, “URJ Donors,” _2021 Annual Report_, [https://urjweb.wixsite.com/urj2021/urj-donors](https://urjweb.wixsite.com/urj2021/urj-donors). [^21]: Union for Reform Judaism, _URJ 2022 Annual Report_, [https://urj.org/sites/default/files/2026-02/URJ2022AnnualReport.pdf](https://urj.org/sites/default/files/2026-02/URJ2022AnnualReport.pdf). [^22]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Donors,” _2023 Annual Report_, [https://www.2023annualreport.urj.org/donors](https://www.2023annualreport.urj.org/donors). [^23]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Donors,” _2024 Annual Report_, [https://www.2024annualreport.urj.org/donors](https://www.2024annualreport.urj.org/donors). [^24]: Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations. _“Member Organizations.”_ [https://conferenceofpresidents.org/member-organizations/](https://conferenceofpresidents.org/member-organizations/). [^25]: Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, “Rabbi Alexander Schindler,” [https://conferenceofpresidents.org/team/rabbi-alexander-schindler/](https://conferenceofpresidents.org/team/rabbi-alexander-schindler/). [^26]: “Philip Hirschkop,” _Wikipedia_, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hirschkop#Loving_v._Virginia,_1967](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hirschkop#Loving_v._Virginia,_1967). [^27]: “Bernard S. Cohen,” _Wikipedia_, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_S._Cohen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_S._Cohen). [^28]: Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, “U.S. Jewish Organizations’ Letter to Senate Supporting Respect for Marriage Act,” _RAC.org_, September 6, 2022, [https://rac.org/press-room/us-jewish-organizations-letter-senate-supporting-respect-marriage-act](https://rac.org/press-room/us-jewish-organizations-letter-senate-supporting-respect-marriage-act). [^29]: Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, “U.S. Jewish Organizations’ Letter to the House of Representatives Opposing Anti-Transgender Sports,” _RAC.org_, April 17, 2023, [https://rac.org/press-room/us-jewish-organizations-letter-house-representatives-opposing-anti-transgender-sports](https://rac.org/press-room/us-jewish-organizations-letter-house-representatives-opposing-anti-transgender-sports). [^30]: Central Conference of American Rabbis, “100th Anniversary of the Zionist Movement (1997),” [https://www.ccarnet.org/ccar-resolutions/100th-anniversary-of-the-zionist-movement-1997/](https://www.ccarnet.org/ccar-resolutions/100th-anniversary-of-the-zionist-movement-1997/). [^31]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Israel Engagement,” [https://urj.org/what-we-do/israel-engagement](https://urj.org/what-we-do/israel-engagement). [^32]: Union for Reform Judaism, “The Religious Action Center and Its Operation,” [https://urj.org/what-we-believe/resolutions/religious-action-center-and-its-operation](https://urj.org/what-we-believe/resolutions/religious-action-center-and-its-operation). [^33]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Longstanding URJ Positions on Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,” [https://urj.org/what-we-do/israel-engagement/longstanding-urj-positions-israel-and-israeli-palestinian-conflict](https://urj.org/what-we-do/israel-engagement/longstanding-urj-positions-israel-and-israeli-palestinian-conflict). [^34]: Union for Reform Judaism, “Economic Support for Israel,” [https://urj.org/what-we-believe/resolutions/economic-support-israel](https://urj.org/what-we-believe/resolutions/economic-support-israel). [^35]: Union for Reform Judaism, “English Only,” 1997, [https://urj.org/what-we-believe/resolutions/english-only](https://urj.org/what-we-believe/resolutions/english-only). [^36]: Union for Reform Judaism, “URJ’s Positions and Statements on the Israel-Hamas Conflict, Post-October 7th,” [https://urj.org/what-we-do/israel-engagement/urjs-positions-and-statements-israel-hamas-conflict-post-october-7th#:~:text=hope%27%20(ABC%20Live)-,Aid%20to%20Israel,-Israel%E2%80%99s%20long%2Dterm](https://urj.org/what-we-do/israel-engagement/urjs-positions-and-statements-israel-hamas-conflict-post-october-7th#:~:text=hope%27%20(ABC%20Live)-,Aid%20to%20Israel,-Israel%E2%80%99s%20long%2Dterm) [^37]: The RAC and the Civil Rights Movement, _Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism_, [https://rac.org/about-rac/history-of-the-rac/rac-and-civil-rights](https://rac.org/about-rac/history-of-the-rac/rac-and-civil-rights).